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That is, prior experience with nonnative speech, such as that gained by listening to the reading, facilitates comprehension. This suggests that familiarity with nonnative speech in general, although it is clearly not as important a variable as topic familiarity, may indeed have some effect. Note: For direct quotations of more than 40 words, display the quote as an indented block of text without quotation marks and include the authors’ names, year, and page number in parentheses at the end of the quote. Gass and Varonis (1984) found that “the listener’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. One study found that “the listener's familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984 Krech Thomas, 2004).ĭirect quote: (include page number and place quotation marks around the direct quote) Multiple works: (separate each work with semi-colons) Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.įirst citation: (American Psychological Association, 2015) One study found that the most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984). Below are examples of using in-text citation. In-text references should always precede punctuation marks. In-text references should immediately follow the title, word, or phrase to which they are directly relevant, rather than appearing at the end of long clauses or sentences. Depression. Įstablishing regular routines, such as exercise, can help survivors of disasters recover from trauma (American Psychological Association, n.d.).Īmerican Psychological Association. More than 300 million people worldwide are affected by depression (World Health Organization, 2018).

Social media use may harm teens' mental health by disrupting positive activities, study says. Heavy social media use can be linked to depression and other mental disorders in teens (Asmelash, 2019).Īsmelash, L. For more information on citations for sources with no date or other missing information see the page on missing reference information on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.īelow are examples of using in-text citation with web pages. (for no date) in place of the year: (Smith, n.d.). For sources with no author, use the title in place of an author.įor sources with no date use n.d. Keep in mind that the author may be an organization rather than a person. University of Colorado, Boulder.Ĭite web pages in text as you would any other source, using the author and date if known. Training strategies for improving listeners' comprehension of foreign-accented speech (Doctoral dissertation). Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 23(4), 245-259. Teaching native speakers to listen to foreign-accented speech. (2002) conducted their training with students preparing to be social workers, but note that other professionals who work with non-native speakers could benefit from a similar program.ĭerwing, T. Their training techniques are based on the research described above indicating that comprehension improves with exposure to non-native speech. More information on direct quotation of sources without pagination is given on the APA Style and Grammar Guidelines web page.Ī few researchers in the linguistics field have developed training programs designed to improve native speakers' ability to understand accented speech (Derwing et al., 2002 Thomas, 2004). For sources such as websites and e-books that have no page numbers, use a paragraph number, for example: (Field, 2005, para.

For direct quotations, include the page number as well, for example: (Field, 2005, p. For every in-text citation in your paper, there must be a corresponding entry in your reference list.ĪPA in-text citation style uses the author's last name and the year of publication, for example: (Field, 2005). Include an in-text citation when you refer to, summarize, paraphrase, or quote from another source.